Capacity improvement is the essential advantages in 4 th generation mobile systems which called Long-Term Evolution (LTE). The maximum data transmission rate of LTE cell is 100 Mb/s in downlink direction and 50Mb/s in uplink, and this rate can be enhanced with deploying different techniques like MIMO, carrier aggregation, and many others. Because of that 4G-LTE mobile network is considered pure packet switching, there are many parameters which affect the maximum cell capacity. This study will evaluate the result of changing many parameters on the maximum mobile cell capacity. The aim is to extract the best values of the different parameters to maximize LTE mobile cell capacity. Index Terms-MAPL, LTE, eNB, OFDMA, EPC, and MIMO
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LTE Capacity Estimation with Changing Different
Planning Parameters
Haider Mohammed Turki Al-Hilfi1 and Muthanna Jaafar Abbas 2
1 Directorate General of Vocational Education, Ministry of Education, Iraq
2 Faculty of Engineering, Babylon University, Iraq
Email: hi.1977@yahoo.com; muthab20@gmail.com
Abstract—Capacity improvement is the essential advantages in
4th generation mobile systems which called Long-Term
Evolution (LTE). The maximum data transmission rate of LTE
cell is 100 Mb/s in downlink direction and 50Mb/s in uplink,
and this rate can be enhanced with deploying different
techniques like MIMO, carrier aggregation, and many others.
Because of that 4G-LTE mobile network is considered pure
packet switching, there are many parameters which affect the
maximum cell capacity. This study will evaluate the result of
changing many parameters on the maximum mobile cell
capacity. The aim is to extract the best values of the different
parameters to maximize LTE mobile cell capacity.
Index Terms— MAPL, LTE, eNB, OFDMA, EPC, and MIMO
I. INTRODUCTION
LTE is new mobile technology proposed to deliver
quite migration to Fourth Generation mobile network. It
is designed to improve capacity, coverage, and data rate
[1]. LTE was designed to deliver enhanced performance
comparing with other 3rd-Generation Partnership Project
systems, with a maximum peak throughput of 100Mbit/s
in downlink direction (DL) direction and 50Mbit/s in
uplink direction (UL), reduced latency, and minimal
terminal power consumption. LTE is also frequency
flexible with bandwidth allocations starting from
minimum 1.4MHz to maximum 20MHz [2].
Along with the bandwidth flexibility considered, a
huge mountain range of various spectrums is defined and
supported by FDD or TDD to allow an performance in
both paired spectrum and unpaired spectrum [3 ], [4].
The remaining parts of this study is presented as
follows. LTE network structure is declared in section II.
LTE network operation will be summarized in section III.
Section IV declares the results of changing many
parameters to shows the relations with these parameters
and the mobile cell capacity. Summary of this study will
be presented in section V.
II. LTE
LTE adopts Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple
Access (O-FDMA) as the base technique for resource
sharing among
Manuscript received February 27, 2020; revised August 5, 2020 .
Corresponding author email: hi.1977@yahoo.com.
doi: 10.12720/jcm.15.9.687-692
Multiple equipment [5]. The Commercially available
LTE doesn't satisfy the technicality of 4G wireless
services Available in document series of 3GPP rel. 8 and
9 and the requirements set by ITU-R organization [6 ] .
3GPP further extended the original proposal of LTE,
which is known as LTE-Advanced. This release aims to
support rate up to 1Gbit/s and 500 Mb/s in DL direction
and UL direction, respectively [5]. Note that these rates
are the theoretical peak rates because the actual rates
depend on many other parameters. OFDMA signal
includes of many subcarriers which spaced by 15 kHz,
this eliminates Intra Cell or Adjacent Channel
Interference. The minimum resource which is assigned to
users called Resource-Block (RB) which includes 12
adjacent sub-carriers that together occupy 180 kHz. Form
time view this 12 subcarrier lasts for 0.5ms which called
slot. The network bandwidth divided to a group of RBs as
presented in Table I.
TABLE I: R ESOURCE BLOCKS VS . BW
BW- MHz 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
RB 6 15 25 50 75 100
LTE networks involve two main parts, Evolved Node-
B (eNBs) which represents the radio network interface
part and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) which is the
network core, as declared in Fig. 1. eNB is the
responsible item for the radio functions like transmission
power management, mobility management and resource
scheduling [7].
Fig. 1. LTE network architecture
EPC involves two main parts: Service Gateway (S-
GW) which makes the User Equipment (UE) to
communicate with another users of 4G-LTE network and
PDN Gateway which is the responsible element of
©2020 Journal of Communications 687
of Communications Vol. 15, No. 9, September 2020
NETWORK STRUCTURE
providing the connectivity between subscriber's terminal
and another external network like IMS or Internet. MME
exists in core also, its functions are controlling the access
nodes via signaling messages, mobility management, and
other functions related to network management. The
Home-Subscribe Server (HSS) exists in the EPC and it
stores information related to the subscribers [8].
To accomplish the required data rates in LTE, LTE
deployed diverse MIMO modes technologies together
like Single user (SU)-MIMO, Transmit diversity,
Multiuser (MU)-MIMO and Dedicated beam forming.
The LTE SU-MIMO scheme is specified for the
configuration with two to four transmits antennas DL
direction, which supports the transmission of maximum
four layers to a specified UE [9].
The EPC doesn't support Circuit-Switched (CS)
services, including voice, which is considered as the
essential revenue for Mobile Service Providers (MSPs).
LTE only have Packet-Switched (PS) services. This is the
basic difference between the previous UTRAN/GERAN
networks like UMTS, which provide both services
(CS/PS services). The Evolved-Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (EUTRAN) is the radio access
part for LTE and LTE-A. 3GPP presented the technical
specifications of 4G-LTE and LTE-Advanced in Rel. 8
and 10, respectively [10].
To support VoIP calls in LTE two solutions exists.
Circuit switching fallback (CSFB), and Voice over-LTE
(Vo-LTE). Vo -LTE is deployed by the aid of IP-
Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). IMS is a central network
that is exists over the 4G-LTE network (from the view of
services hierarchy), Because of these characteristics, LTE
offer good performances, and particularly for those
bandwidth consuming facilities i.e. data downloading or
video streaming services [11].
III. LTE N ETWORK O PERATION
The eNB executes scheduling function that execute
resource allocation function to UEs. The scheduler
utilizes indicator named Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
transmitted by UEs. Based on CQI information resource
assignment is performed [12].
Fig. 2. LTE Channel mapping
As declared in Fig. 2, LTE network assigns a number
of RBs to a mobile station for each new Transmission
Time Interval (TTI) which occupies a subframe. However,
not all OFDMA symbols of an RB are used to transmit
user data. It depends on the location of the RB in the
overall resource grid to determine the type of data that the
symbol carries.
Cell Reference Signals (CRS) is transmitted in a
predetermined RBs and used in DL channel condition's
estimation by different mobiles [13]. Each antenna has its
own CRSs. Resource Elements (REs) allocated to CRS on
one antenna are not used on the other antennas (empty RE
that called Discontinuous Transmission RTX). CRSs are
inserted on every seventh symbol on the time axis and on
every sixth subcarrier on the frequency. A total of 504
different reference signal sequences exist.
For initial synchronization, Primary and Secondary
Synchronization Signals (PSSs / SSSs) are transmitted in
every first and sixth subframe (i.e. transmitted every 5 ms)
on the middle 62 subcarriers of the channel [9]. It is
assumed that these signals are transmitted from the first
antenna while the network apply DTX to the
corresponding resource elements in other antennas [1 4].
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) is used to send
system information for all mobiles that contains the
bandwidth of the network, System Frame Number (SFN),
and length of Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) Indicator Channel
(PHICH). PBCH occupies three symbols on 72 middle
subcarriers (=6 RBs). PBCH is broadcasted every 40
milliseconds and follows the PSSs and SSSs [9]. PBCH is
QPSK modulated and is transmitted on all antennas [15].
PCFICH carries information that determines the
PDCCH size and is sent at each of subframe beginning. It
contains the Control Format Indicator (CFI) which is 2
bits in length, and it is encoded using a code rate of 1/16
during the first symbol within each subframe [1 5].
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) carries
messages that indicate to each UE when, where, and what
kind of data is scheduled for them on the downlink
direction and which RBs can be used in the uplink
direction. PDCCH occupies the first one to four symbols
over the whole channel bandwidth in every subframe.
PDCCH carries scheduling information of different
types such as downlink resource scheduling, power
control instructions. The control information carried by
PDCCH called DCI (Downlink Control Information)
which is transmitted as an aggregation of Control Channel
Elements (CCEs). One CCE contains 9 Resource Element
Groups (REGs) and each REG has 4 REs. Each RE carries
2 bits because QPSK is the only available modulation
format. A PDCCH can contains 1, 2, 4 or 8 CCEs [16].
The PDCCH data is padded with DUMMY data prior to
an interleaving function. The DUMMY data is used to
ensure that the combined PDCCH plus DUMMY data
occupies an integer number of OFDMA symbols. The
subcarriers occupied by the PDCCH depend upon the cell
identity.
©2020 Journal of Communications 688
of Communications Vol. 15, No. 9, September 2020
For error correction capability, some symbols are
reserved to acknowledge the proper reception of uplink
messages or to signal the mobile device that a block was
not received correctly. This is done by HARQ and the
corresponding channel is PHICH. Each PHICH group
occupies 12 RE . PHICH groups Ng,PHICH is calculated
from the number of RBs N RB,DL and the PHICH group
scaling factor Ng as indicated in eq 1 . The scaling factor
take on of the following values the scaling factor 2, 1,
1/2, or 1/6.
Ng,PHICH = {Ng *NRB,DL /8 ;for normal CP, 2*Ng *NRB,DL /8 ;
for extended CP} (1)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) is used
for data transmission and allocated the REs which have
not been used by the other physical channels and signals.
The PDSCH is not able to use RE which belong to the
same symbol as the PHICH, PCFICH or PDCCH.
In Uplink direction (UL) there are three physical
channels in LTE. Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(PUSCH) that supports QPSK and 16 QAM, and
optionally 64QAM modulation is used to carry user traffic.
PUSCH carries control messages in addition to user data.
Some other control messages carried by Physical Uplink
Control Channel (PUCCH) and its size is configurable.
Physical Random-Access Channel (PRACH) is used to let
UEs get access to LTE network [17].
Table II lists the percentage of resources used in
signals and control channels.
ITU developed number of channel models which
implemented as a tapped-delay-line. ITU recommends the
following six channel types (three cases with two distinct
delay spreads): vehicular, indoor, pedestrian, with small
delay spread (Channel A) and medium delay spread
(Channel B). Pedestrian environment is existed in small
cell and low power. Base stations (BS) with low antenna
altitude are located outdoors while pedestrian UEs are
located on the streets and inside buildings. The mobile
speed assumption is 3 km/h [18].
TABLE II: LTE DIFFERENT CHANNELS USAGE IN LTE
DL % UL %
Number of PDCCH Sym. per Subframe
3 -
- 8
- 1
9.5 13.14
Primary Sync. Signal (PSS)
0.09 -
Secondary Sync. Signal (SSS)
0.09 -
0.16 0.6
19 8
- N/A
IV. PLANNING PARAMETERS
The mobile cells capacity depends on the following
main parameters:
Cyclic Prefix (CP): have two options Normal: 7
sym./slot; or Extended: 6 symbols/slot
PDCCH symbols: 1 to 4 symbols.
PUSCH RACH resources occupy 6 PRB (1.08MHz)
in frequency domain, it can use 1, 2, or 3 sub frames.
Reference Signal: if one Tx antenna: 4 RSs per RB, if
2 Tx antenna, there are eight RSs per Resource Block,
if 4 Tx antenna, there are twelve RSs per RB.
Channel models: Enhanced Pedestrian A(EPA)
channel model with 5Hz frequency shift, Enhanced
Typical Urban(ETU) channel with 70Hz Doppler shift
valid for high speed mobiles (i.e >30km/h) [19].
Operating frequency range and system bandwidth.
Cell load which describe the neighbor cell load.
Link budget values which use in estimation of MAPL.
Table III lists the main parameters which used in the
calculation.
TABLE III: LTE D IMENSIONING P ARAMETERS
Operating frequency 2600 MHz
BW 10 MHz
Downlink/Uplink rate 4096/384 Kb/s
eNB power 20 W ( 43 dBm)
Antenna gain 18 dBi
Noise figure (DL/UL) 7 dB/2.2dB
BLER 10 %
Default load 50 %
V. RESULTS AND D ISCUTION
Fig. 3 presents the relation of total eNB cell throughput
(maximum capacity) with the neighbor cell load in
different clutters. Fig. 3 declare the huge impact appears
in urban and dense urban because the cell limit in these
clutters is small comparing with other clutters. When the
neighbor cell load increases the interference margin
increases which affect cell throughput because high index
MCS can't be used. The figure lists the reduction from 57
Mb/s in zero load to 30 Mb/s in 100% load.
Fig. 3. Downlink cell capacity against neighbor cell load
©2020 Journal of Communications 689
of Communications Vol. 15, No. 9, September 2020
Fig. 4. Uplink cell capacity against neighbor cell load.
Fig. 4 shows uplink cell capacity in Mb/s versus
neighbor cell load. The value of Uplink throughput is less
that downlink throughput, this effect because the UL
direction sends less power value than down link, also the
modulation types of uplink cannot use 64-QAM in most
UE types.
Fig. 5. DL cell capacity against operating frequency
Fig. 5 presents the maximum eNB cell throughput in
downlink direction for different clutters using different
operating frequency. The figure declares that for Dense-
Urban and Urban clutters, the throughput increases with
operating frequency increasing, this is result of the
operating frequencies increases the cell limit decreases
which enables eNB and UE to modulate signals using
high MCS index which increase the maximum cell
capacity. This isn't the case in rural clutter because at
high frequency range the cell size decrease but still large
area size uses low MCS and the path loss increases which
decreases the amount of throughput.
Fig. 6 declares the maximum eNB cell throughput in
uplink direction for different clutters using different
operating frequency. The values of uplink cell capacity
start to increase with increasing the operation range of
operating frequency for Dense-Urban and Urban. The
opposite situation appears with rural areas.
Fig. 6. UL cell capacity against operating frequency
Fig. 7. Downlink cell capacity against channels models
Fig. 8. Uplink cell capacity against channels models
Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 present the effects of channel model
on the eNB cell capacity in DL/UL directions. Channel
model affects signal-to-noise plus interference (SINR)
ratio required at the receiver. When EPA model is used, it
means 5Hz Doppler spread and low speed mobiles, this
mean low fast fading, if ETU channel model is used, it
means that the average Doppler spread about 70 Hz and
mobile speed is larger than 30 Km/h. this means high fast
fading which decrease SINR. This means low cell
capacity.
©2020 Journal of Communications 690
of Communications Vol. 15, No. 9, September 2020
Fig. 9, and 10 describe the relation among the
downlink, and uplink spectral efficiency, network
bandwidth, and inert-site distance (ISD). The figures
show that the spectrum efficiency increased with
increasing the system bandwidth, this effect is result of
the scheduling gain which increases with bandwidth.
Fig. 9. Downlink spectral efficiency vs. BW and ISD
Fig. 10. Uplink spectral efficiency vs. BW and ISD
VI. CONCLUSION
LTE network provides very high rates and capacities
comparing with the previous mobile technologies. But
actually, the mobile network capacity depends on many
parameters in like operating frequency, system bandwidth,
neighbor load, clutter types, cell range, control channel
overhead, and many others. In the paper we present the
relation of changing these parameters with the eNB cell
capacity. The study goal is to get the relations and values
of the different parameters which give the best capacity.
The study declares that with increasing the neighbor load
in Dense-Urban and Urban clutter, the cell throughput is
decreased. Also operating in large system bandwidth is
preferred compared with small bandwidth.
CONFLICT OF I NTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Haider. M. T. ALHILFI conducted the research and
wrote the paper; MUTHANNA JAAFAR ABBAS
analyzed the data of the paper. Both authors had
approved the final version.
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Copyright © 2020 by the authors. This is an open access article
distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
(CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits use, distribution and
reproduction in any medium, provided that the article is
properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications
or adaptations are made.
Haider M. T. Alhilfi was born in Basra,
Iraq, in 1977. He received the B.S.
degree in communication engineering
from the 'Al- Furat Al-Awsat Technical
University AL Najaf, Iraq, in 2009 and
the M.T. Degree in wireless
communication engineering from the
University (SHIATS) Science and
Technology, India, 2014. Ph.D. degree in Department of
Telecommunications Engineering, University "Polytechnic" of
Bucharest Romania. His research interests include wireless
network, wireless sensor networks, security and key
management of wireless
Muthanna Jaafar Abbas was born in
Babylon. Iraq. In 1971. He received the
B.S. degree in electrical engineering
from Babylon University in 2006,
Babylon. Iraq. And the M. T. Degree in
communication system engineering from
the university (SHIATS) Science and
Technology. India. 2014 Participate in
several conferences in Faculty of Engineering / Babylon and He
has several papers published in international journals working
as a Lecturer and assistant head of department in Faculty of
Engineering / Babylon University/Ministry of Higher Education
of IRAQ.
©2020 Journal of Communications 692
of Communications Vol. 15, No. 9, September 2020
... In parallel with the technological advancements in mobile networks, the peak data rates of downlink and uplink increase. While the average downlink value provided today in LTE technology is 100 megabits per second (Mbps), the uplink value has been 50 Mbps [26]. A BS that encounters a request above this uplink and downlink threshold values will start dropping packets. ...
The widespread use of new technologies such as the Internet of things (IoT) and machine type communication (MTC) forces an increase on the number of user equipments (UEs) and MTC devices that are connecting to mobile networks. Inherently, as the number of UEs inside a base station's (BS) coverage area surges, the quality of service (QoS) tends to decline. The use of drone-mounted BS (UxNB) is a solution in places where UEs are densely populated, such as stadiums. UxNB emerges as a promising technology that can be used for capacity injection purposes in the future due to its fast deployment. However, this emerging technology introduces a new security issue. Mutual authentication, creating a communication channel between terrestrial BS and UxNB, and fast handover operations may cause security issues in the use of UxNB for capacity injection. This new protocol also suggests performing UE handover from terrestrial to UxNB as a group. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no authentication solution between BSs according to LTE and 5G standards. The proposed scheme provides a solution for the authentication of UxNB by the terrestrial BS. Additionally, a credential sharing phase for each UE in handover is not required in the proposed method. The absence of a credential sharing step saves resources by reducing the number of communications between BSs. Moreover, many UE handover operations are completed in concise time within the proposed group handover method.
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Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the final release of third generation (3G) leading to the fourth generation (4G) network. The demand for a very high speed network connection is the driving force for this mobile network evolution. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) are strong multiple access scheme candidates for the downlink and uplink of the LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) being adopted by third generation partnership project (3GPP) as the standard for modulation technique used in transmission of high data rate in LTE Networks. In this research, a Matlab and Simulink software package were used to model and design an LTE downlink physical layer simulator according to 3GPP specifications. The simulation was carried out for the single downlink, from one eNodeB to User Equipment (UE). The performance of different multi-antenna techniques (transmission modes) was exploited in Diversity scheme and mobility environment with the aim of maximizing LTE performance using Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Optimization. However, the result show that MIMO spatial multiplexing offers the best capacity gains at high SNR and Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing (OLSM) is more robust at high SNR followed by CLSM because of their ability to support high data throughput as well as multi-stream transmission. This research strengthens the belief that performance of different multi-antenna scheme configurations is better than single antenna scheme and that multi-stream transmission will be a practical method for improving the data throughput in LTE Networks than single stream transmission Index Terms
The goal of this research is to evaluate the location accuracy of User Equipment (UE) in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks which depends on the timing advance parameters. The ability to locate the subscribers through the network is considered as a significant factor in wireless communication systems. The main method to geolocation based on specified distances from many base stations is stated. The possibility of geolocating a Long Term Evolution (LTE) subscriber station based on the timing advance ranging parameter within the network signal internals is investigated in the paper. Also, simulation is used to describe performance in multiple base station networks that evaluating locations of subscriber stations on a two-dimensional system coordinated. Performance estimation of UE location in LTE networks was analyzed using simulations. Simulations were performed by using MATLAB. The main method for determining the subscriber station location depends on radial distances from multiple base stations. We observe from the results that the calculation error for the network is frivolous and by using four eNodeBs we obtain the most accurate estimation. Our simulation analysis shows that increasing the eNodeBs that used in the network leads to increasing the error to 29 centimeters.
This paper describes the QoS performance evaluation of voice over LTE network using OMNeT++; an open-source system-level simulator and SimuLTE. OMNet++ is a well-known, widely-used modular simulation framework, which offers a high degree of experiment support. As a result, it can be integrated with all the network oriented modules such as INET. We describe the voice over LTE, and show performance evaluation results obtained using the simulator.
This paper originates from a practical experiment based on Mesh Networks. The promising results obtained from this experiment prompted us to discuss in greater depth whether Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) are still useful for current communications. This means that on the one hand femtocells can be defined as small base stations that use the same frequency bands as cellular networks. This has become a key feature in LTE to improve capacity and enhance data rates. On the other hand, WLAN, which in terms of infrastructure is similar to femtocells due to the IP backhaul network, seems to have outgrown its usefulness largely because it is being replaced by femtocell technology. In this paper, an attempt is made to clarify this uncertainty through an extensive analysis beyond the capacity crunch of both technologies. The work was undertaken by first working separately and in a second stage, working together to provide possible hybrid access to help offload traffic. Using cellular systems to underpin our research, we give examples of the capacity crunch for femtocells and WLAN through an extensive simulation campaign.
LTE is the advanced technology for mobile network that operates completely in packet domain with less component compared to previous technology like HSPA or HSPA+ and it's provide a very high data throughput in both direction upload or download. This development from network side was flowed by development from user side, actually the mobile phone has been changed to the Smart-Phone with a high number of application that use network technology like Video application, VoIP application, Game. This new technology forces the researcher and the developer to optimize the network settings to have a good performance. This paper perform a study and analysis of the Quality of Experience (QoE) at the end user for Voice over the LTE network (VoLTE), after the implementation of VoLTE by using G.711 as a voice codec and will use IP as a core network, will analyze the network performance in order to sort out if this codec is the most recommended codec for VoLTE environment.as per IUT recommendation.
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![Syed Ameer Abbas]()
- M. Beril Sahaya Mary
LTE(Long Term Evolution) is a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radio access technologydesigned to support roaming Internet access via cell phones and handheld devices in 3G and 4G networks.This paper mainly focuses on to improve the processing speed and decrease themaximumdelay of thedownlink channels using thepipelined buffer controlledtechnique. This paper proposesPipelined buffercontrolledArchitecture for both transmitter and receiver forPhysicalDownlink channelsof3GPP-LTE.The transmitter architecture comprises Bit Scrambling, Modulation mapping, Layer mapping, Precodingand Resource element mapping modules. The receiver architecture comprises Demapping from resourceelements, Decoding, Comparing and Detection, Delayer mapping and Descrambling modules as describedin LTE specifications.Inaddition to these,buffers are includedin both transmitter and receiverarchitectures. Modelsim is used for simulation, synthesis and implementation areachieved usingPlanAhead13.2 tool on Virtex-5, xc5vlx50tff1136-1 device board is used.Implemented results are discussedin terms ofRTL design, FPGA editor, Power estimation andResource estimation
Long Term Evolution (LTE) defines a number of physical channels to carry information blocks received from the MAC and higher layers. This paper presents two types of Physical channels: the first type is downlink physical channels which consist of Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) and Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH). The second type of Physical channels is uplink physical channels which consist of Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). This paper also highlights the structure of PDSCH and PUSCH, discuss the algorithms of the two types of physical channel and each of its features. The aim of this paper is to discuss the well-designed PHY Channels which provide high cell-edge performance with specific features, such as dynamic bandwidth allocation to users, the design of reference signals and control channels. These channels take into account a more challenging path loss and interference environment at the cell edge.
- K. Riyazuddin
- Anil Kumar Sharma
Background/Objectives: OFDM is a wireless broad band technology employed in 4G wireless system. OFDM is the Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) modulation technique used for sending a group of signals simultaneously over a channel. OFDM divides the signal into a number of narrow signals which are sent at various frequencies to the receiver. Method/Analysis: Long Term Evolution is a 4G technology used for both indoor and outdoor environments. LTE is able to produce higher data output rates and reduce the cost of delivering a megabyte of data. The outside sources of interference, design and configuration of the LTE network may reduce the spectrum efficiency and results in low data output rates for users and high costs for network operators. LTE will be deployed to provide multimedia services for mobile and portable scenarios. Findings/Applications: This paper concentrates on correlating SNR to the performance of LTE in indoor and outdoor environments. An average throughput and a consistent performance are observed more frequently in outdoor areas when compared to indoor areas. A comparison of indoor and outdoor parameters is shown by simulating in MATLAB.
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343696163_LTE_Capacity_Estimation_with_Changing_Different_Planning_Parameters
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